Verb
| A Verb is a word that in syntax generally conveys an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses: present, to indicate that an action is being carried out; past, to indicate that an action has been done; future, to indicate that an action will be done. | |
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| wikipedia:: Verb |
(states action or being)
"As far as we know, every language makes a grammatical distinction that looks like a noun verb distinction.".1(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-1) Possibly because of the graph-like nature of communicated meaning by humans, i.e. nouns being the "entities" and verbs being the "links" between them
- Valency (linguistics)
- transitive
- voice
- passive voice
- active voice
- Infinitive
- Gerund
- conjugation
- Verb phrase
- Ideophone
Tense, Aspect, Mood (TAM)
Tense
- Grammatical tense7(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-7)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-Dahl-8)[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-9) is the use of auxiliary verbs or inflections to convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some reference point. The reference point could be the time of utterance, in which case the verb expresses absolute tense, or it could be a past, present, or future time of reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb expresses relative tense.
- "Some languages have only two distinct tenses, such as past and nonpast, or future and nonfuture. There are also tenseless languages, like most of the Chinese languages, though they can possess a future and nonfuture system typical of Sino-Tibetan languages.[3] In recent work Maria Bittner and Judith Tonhauser have described the different ways in which tenseless languages nonetheless mark time.[4][5] On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions, such as remote vs recent past, or near vs remote future."
- past
- progressive
- present
- progressive
- future
Aspect
- how the action or state occurs through time
- perfective aspect, in which the action is viewed in its entirety through completion (as in "I saw the car")
- imperfective aspect, in which the action is viewed as ongoing; in some languages a verb could express imperfective aspect more narrowly as:
- habitual aspect, in which the action occurs repeatedly (as in "I used to go there every day"), or
- continuous aspect, in which the action occurs without pause; continuous aspect can be further subdivided into
- stative aspect, in which the situation is a fixed, unevolving state (as in "I know French"), and
- progressive aspect, in which the situation continuously evolves (as in "I am running")
- perfect, which combines elements of both aspect and tense and in which both a prior event and the state resulting from it are expressed (as in "he has gone there", i.e. "he went there and he is still there")
- discontinuous past, which combines elements of a past event and the implication that the state resulting from it was later reversed (as in "he did go there" or "he has been there", i.e. "he went there but has now come back")11(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-11)
Mood, modality
Modality12(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb#cite_note-12) expresses the speaker's attitude toward the action or state given by the verb, especially with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or permission ("You must go", "You should go", "You may go"), determination or willingness ("I will do this no matter what"), degree of probability ("It must be raining by now", "It may be raining", "It might be raining"), or ability ("I can speak French"). All languages can express modality with adverbs, but some also use verbal forms as in the given examples. If the verbal expression of modality involves the use of an auxiliary verb, that auxiliary is called a modal verb. If the verbal expression of modality involves inflection, we have the special case of mood; moods include the indicative (as in "I am there"), the subjunctive (as in "I wish I were there"), and the imperative ("Be there!").
- subjunctive mood