# Anti-Intellectualism in American Life
wiki: [Anti-Intellectualism in American Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism%20in%20American%20Life)
> **Anti-Intellectualism in American Life** is a book by Richard Hofstadter published in 1963 that won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.
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> the purpose of education and whether the democratization of education altered that purpose and reshaped its form.[4]
> In considering the historic tension between access to education and excellence in education, Hofstadter argued that both anti-intellectualism and utilitarianism were consequences, in part, of the democratization of knowledge. Moreover, he saw these themes as historically embedded in America's national fabric, resulting from its colonial European and evangelical Protestant heritage. He contended that evangelical American Protestantism's anti-intellectual tradition valued the spirit over intellectual rigor.[5]
> Hofstadter described anti-intellectualism as “resentment of the life of the mind, and those who are considered to represent it; and a disposition to constantly minimize the value of that life.”[6]
>
> Also, he described the term as a view that "intellectuals...are pretentious, conceited... and snobbish; and very likely immoral, dangerous, and subversive ... The plain sense of the common man is an altogether adequate substitute for, if not actually much superior to, formal knowledge and expertise."[7]
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## Wiki:: [Anti-Intellectualism in American Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism%20in%20American%20Life)
# Also By Or In Or Of `= this.file.name`
```dataview
TABLE WITHOUT ID
file.link AS Name, by AS By, in AS In, of AS Of, date AS Date, year AS Year
FROM #Type
WHERE
(
(
any(contains(by, this.by))
AND
by
)
OR
(
any(contains(in, this.in))
AND
in
)
OR
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any(contains(of, this.of))
AND
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)
OR
(
any(contains(in, this.file.name))
OR
any(contains(in, this.file.link))
)
OR
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any(contains(of, this.file.name))
OR
any(contains(of, this.file.link))
)
AND
file.name !=this.file.name
)
SORT file.etags DESC, date DESC, year DESC
```